Bactericidal activity of Piper betle L. extract against antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from pig farms in Southern Thailand

Piper betle L. leaves have traditionally been used to treat various infectious diseases and possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This study aimed determine the antibacterial activity leaf extract against antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from pig farms located in Southern Thailand. Of this, 12 isolates were 24 fecal samples farms. The ampicillin (91.67%), penicillin tetracycline (81.81%), doxycycline (81.81%). Antibacterial ethanolic was carried out by disc diffusion assays, followed Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) bactericidal (MBC) determination, as well Time kill study. exhibited all S. Typhimurium with inhibition zone ranged 15.11 ± 0.34 20.30 0.50 mm observed assay. showed MIC MBC values ranging 0.5-1.0 mg/mL. Furthermore, at 4 × killing reduction pathogen least 3 logs within 8 h. information suggests potential medicinal benefits inhibit growth